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Glossary of Gyneconline.net
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(vedi anche i Glossari dedicati a Ecografia e Diagnosi Prenatale e a Pap-test e Colposcopia)
A
Abortion: spontaneous interruption or loss of a pregnancy before that the fetus can survive to outside of the uterus (within the 180 days from the last menstruation).
Abortion Habitual or Recurrent: three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.
Abruptio placentae: separation of the normally located placenta from its uterine attachment between the 20th week of pregnancy and the birth of the infant. Occurs mainly in the third trimester.
Abstinence periodic: prevention of the pregnancy by means of the abstinence from the sexual intercourse during and in proximity of the ovulation.
Acid Folic: substance necessary in order to favor the formation of red globules; profit therefore in the cure of the anemia.
Adenocarcinoma: type more common than cancer of the body of the uterus, more just of the endometrium.
Adenomyosis: presence of endometrial tissue within myometrium as a result of direct extension.
Adhesion: scar (favorite from previous inflammation or surgical operation) that it holds with the superficial ones of the woven ones inside of the abdomen or the uterus.
Agonists of the GNRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone): medical therapy used in order to block the effects of feminine hormones (estrogenic and progesterone).
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): a disease that attacks and destroys the body's immune system, leaving the patient open to infections and other diseases and causing weight loss, central nervous system problems, and death. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Alpha phetoprotein (AFP): Alphaphetoprotein (AFP) is a protein of fetal origin. This substance is present in amniotic fluid and in woman's blood. Low values of AFP can be associate to Down syndrome, while values more elevate can be associate to pathology of the neurale tube (bifid thorn, anencefalia). AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of germ cell tumor.
Amenorrhea: Absence or cessation of menstruation.
Amniocentesis: Aspiration of amniotic fluid, usually transabdominally, for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Amniorexi or Amniotomy:An artificial rupture of membranes, may be performed by a midwife or obstetrician. This is usually performed using an amnihook and is intended to induce or accelerate labour.
Amnioscopy: medical tecnique used to observe the color of the amniotic fluid (examination today less used that in past).
Amniotic sac: Membranes which contain the fetus and the amniotic fluid. The amniotic sac and the amniotic fluid are often refereed to as the "bag of waters."
Analgesia: Medical tecnique used to relieve pain.
Androgen: steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics
Anemia: Anemia is a lower than normal number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the blood, usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin.
Anencephaly: Anencephaly is the absence of a large part of the brain and the skull of the fetus.
Anorexia nervosa: is an eating disorder characterized by refusal to stay at even the minimum body weight considered normal for the person's age and height.
Anovulation: Absence of ovulatiuon (anovulatory cycle).
Apgar score: A simple way of assessing a the baby's health by scoring points for heart rate, breathing, skin colour, tone, and the baby's reactions. It is done 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.
Areola: skin dark colouring that encircles the nipple.
Atrophic vaginitis: Atrophic vaginitis (also known as vaginal atrophy) is an inflammation of the vagina due to thinning and shrinking tissues and decreased lubrication of the vaginal walls. It is caused by a lack of estrogen. The most common cause is the decrease in estrogen after the menopause. Symptoms include vaginal soreness and itching, as well as painful intercourse, and bleeding after sexual intercourse.
B
Bacterial Vaginosis: bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infection (vaginitis). The commonest symptom of BV is an abnormal vaginal discharge with an unpleasant fishy smell. However, half of all women with BV don't notice any symptoms.
Bartholin's abscess: inflammation of the gland of Bartolini, which are located on each side of the vaginal opening at the innermost part of the labia. This swelling is hot to the touch, sensitive, and painful.
Bartholin's glands: The Bartholin's glands (also called Bartholin glands or greater vestibular glands) are two glands located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. They secrete mucus to provide lubrication, especially when the woman is sexually aroused, thus facilitating sexual intercourse.
BCF: Battito Cardiaco Fetale (used in Italian language). Equivalent to FHR (Fetal Heart Rate).
Billings: The Billings ovulation method is a form of natural family planning. Users track fertility by paying attention to the sensation at the vulva and the appearance of any vaginal discharge.This information can be used to achieve or avoid a pregnancy by choosing when to have intercourse and when to abstain.
Biophysical profile: A series of tests which, in combination, offer an assessment of fetal/placental wellbeing. This test is based on the nonstress test (cardiotocography) and ultrasound to examine fetal movements, heart rate, and amniotic fluid amounts.
Biopsy: procedure in which a tissue sample is obtained for microscopic examination to obtaine a hystologycal diagnosis.
Biopsy endometrial: procedure in which a tissue sample is obtained from the endometrium (the inside lining of the uterus), and is then checked under a microscope. The tissue is thoroughly examined for any cell abnormalities or signs of cancer.
Bladder: A hollow muscular balloon-shaped organ that stores urine until it is excreted from the body.
Block Paracervical : transvaginal injection of anaesthetic just lateral to uterine cervix. This tecnique blocks the sensory nerves from uterus, cervix and upper vagina.
Block Spinal: injection of local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space trough a needle placed at the leve L2-L5. This tecnique is usually used for a cesarean section..
Bulimia: Bulimia is an illness defined by food binges, or recurrent episodes of significant overeating, that are accompanied by a sense of loss of control. The affected person then uses various methods -- such as vomiting or laxative abuse -- to prevent weight gain
C
CA 125: CA-125 is a protein that is more prevalent in ovarian cancer and in others pathologies (endometriosis). This protein enters the blood stream and can be measured by a blood test.
Candidiasis: an infection caused by fungi of the genus Monilia or Candida (especially Candida albicans) that usually occurs in the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, respiratory tract, or vagina.
Cardiotocography: is a technical means of recording (-graphy) the fetal heartbeat (cardio-) and the uterine contractions (-toco-) during childbirth. CTG can be used to identify signs of fetal distress.
Caryotype: the whole of the chromosomal characteristics of an individual or a species.
Catetere: a flexible tube for withdrawing fluids from (or introducing fluids into) a cavity of the body, especially one for inserting into the bladder through the urethra to remove urine.
Celioscopy: see Laparoscopy.
Cephalopelvic disproportion: a condition in which the head of the fetus is too large to permit passage through the pelvis of the mother.
Cerclage: placement of a non-absorbable suture around an incompetent (weak) cervical opening in an attempt to keep it closed and thus prevent miscarriage. Also known as a cervical stitch.
Cervical incompetence: a condition where a woman's cervix, or opening between the uterus and vaginal tract, is not strong enough to remain closed during pregnancy. During a critical time period of growth, most often from about 16 to 22 weeks, the cervix may open and labor will begin prematurely. A cervical stitch can be used to help hold the cervix closed.
Cervix: the lower end of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina.
Cervicitis: an irritation of the cervix by a number of different organisms. Cervicitis is generally classified as either acute or chronic.
Cesarean section: An incision through the abdominal and uterine walls for extraction of the fetus. Also called abdominal delivery; commonly called C-Section.
Chorioamnionitis: a serious infection of the placental tissues.
Choriocarcinoma: A rare cancer in women of childbearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, gestational trophoblastic tumor, or molar pregnancy.
CIN (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia): term used to classify the degree of precancerous change in cells of the cervix in a condition called cervical dysplasia. These changes are not cancer but warn that cancer may develop over future years. CIN is graded CIN 1, 2 or 3; CIN 3 means the most severe changes.
Cyst functional ovarian: A physiologic cyst arising from the graafian follicle or the corpus luteum of the ovary. Functional ovarian cysts usually go away without treatment.
Cystocele: Protrusion of urinary bladder to create a downward bulging of the anterior vaginal wall, caused by a weakness of the pubocervical fascia.
Climateric: The syndrome of endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes occurring at the termination of the reproductive period in woman, equivalent to perimenopause.
Clitoris: Organ localized in proximity of the opening of the vagina, source of sexual escitation in the woman.
Chloasma: A patchy brown or dark brown skin discoloration that usually occurs on a woman's faces and may result from hormonal changes, as in pregnancy.
Colostrum: thin, white, first milk produced by the breasts during late pregnancy and for a few days after childbirth. It provides a nursing infant with essential nutrients and infection-fighting antibodies.
Condom: A flexible sheath (usually made of thin latex or polyurethane) designed to cover the penis during sexual intercourse for contraceptive purposes or as a means of preventing sexually transmitted infections.
Colposcopy: an examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope, primarily to identify areas of cervical dysplasia in women with abnormal Pap smears.
Colposcope: an instrument that uses a special magnifying lens to examine the tissues of the vagina and cervix. The examination is called a colposcopy.
Condiloma: italian and spanish word used for define the genital wart caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV).
Conization: surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the uterine cervixl. Conization may be used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. Also called cone biopsy.
Contraception: birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs (hormons, pills) or surgery (tubal ligation).
Contraceptiv implant: contraceptive implants consist of hormone-filled capsules that are inserted under the skin in a woman's upper arm. The implant steadily releases a small amount of hormone. This prevents pregnancy for three years. The implant must be removed at the end of three years.
Contractions Braxton-Hicks: Braxton Hicks' contractions, also known as false labour (British English, false labor in American English) or practice contractions, occur during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. It is a tightening of the uterine muscles for up to one minute and is thought to be an aid to the body in its preparation for birth.
Cord umbilical: the cord that carries blood, oxygen and nutrients to the baby from the placenta during pregnancy.
Cordocentesis: transabdominal blood sampling of the fetal umbilical cord, performed under ultrasound guidance. Used to test for certain abnormalities.
Criosurgery: a surgical procedure that uses extreme cold to destroy abnormal tissue by freezing. A general anesthetic is not required.
Cromosomes: the thread-like bodies found in all living cells which carry the genetic information. Normal human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Curettage: scraping of the interior of a cavity or other surface with a curette.
CVS (chorionic villus sampling): diagnostic test usually performed between the 10th and 12th weeks of pregnancy in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the placenta and examined to detect genetic abnormalities in a fetus.
D
Decidua: the lining of the uterus during pregnancy. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, becomes thicker and contains more blood vessels during pregnancy. The decidua is shed in the days after birth.
Diaphragm: the diaphragm is a cervical barrier type of birth control. It is a soft latex or silicone dome with a spring molded into the rim. The spring creates a seal against the walls of the vagina.
Down syndrome: also known as Trisomy 21, Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder. This syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra 21 chromosome and is highly variable clinically. This syndrome is characterized by hypotonia, flat facial profile, upwardly slanted eyes, small low-set ears, short stature, mental retardation, small nose with a low nasal bridge.
DTC (Diatermocoagulation or Electrocoagulation): use of diathermy to destroy, coagulate or divide certain organic tissues.
Dysmenorrhea: pain during menstruation that occurs in the lower abdomen just before or during menstruation; menstrual cramps.
Dyspareunia: pain in the vagina or pelvis experienced during sexual intercourse.
Dysplasia: condition in which cells in the cervix have undergone precancerous changes. It is detected by a Pap smear; treatment can prevent it from progressing to cervical cancer. The cervical dysplasia is also called CIN (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia)
Dystocia: abnormal or difficult labor, causing difficulty in delivering the fetus a/o placenta. Pregnancies which result in some form of dystocia often lead to assisted deliveries including forceps, ventouse or, commonly, caesarian section.
Dysuria: painful or difficult urination, most frequently caused by infection or inflammation
E
Eclampsia: Eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy and is characterised by convulsions.Eclampsia results from pregnancy-induced hypertension, a dangerous condition that may occur during pregnancy. The woman usually has hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), or proteinuria (abnormal amounts of protein in the urine).
Ectopia: Congenital displacement or malposition of any organ or body part or tissue. On the uterine cervix ectopia is the presence of the columnar epithelium of the endocervix on to the ectocervix.
Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy growing outside of the uterus usually in the fallopian tubes (also called tubal pregnancy).
Ectropion: The growth of the columnar epithelium of the endocervix on to the ectocervix, usually after the vaginal delivery.
Edema: accumulation of fluid in organs and tissues of the body; swelling.
Electrosurgery: a surgical procedure that uses high frequency energy to cauterize, ablate or remove soft tissue. See also DTC.
Embryo: the earliest stage of early human development arising after the union of the sperm and the egg (fertilization). In humans, the embryo stage is the first three months following conception.
Endocervix: the inner part of the uterine cervix, on the cervical channel.
Endometrial hyperplasia: Hyperplasia is a condition in which the lining of the uterus becomes too thick, which results in abnormal bleeding. Hyperplasia is thought to be caused by too much estrogen.
Endometrium: the lining of the uterus that is shed each month as the menstrual period.
Endometriosis: the presence of endometrial tissue (tissue that normally lines the uterus) in abnormal locations such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes and abdominal cavity.
Enterocele: condition caused by weakened muscles in the pelvis in which a portion of the intestines bulges into the top of the vagina.
Episiotomy: an incision made during childbirth to the perineum, the muscle between the vagina and rectum, to widen the vaginal opening for delivery.
Esocervix: the part of the uterine cervix visible within the vagina.
Estrogen: the female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, responsible for the development of female sex characteristics.
F
Fallopian tubes: a pair of tubes attached to the uterus, one on each side, where sperm and egg meet in normal conception.
False labor: regular or irregular contractions of the uterus with no changes in the cervix.What distinguishes false labor from real labor is simply that after a point, false labor does nor progress and it eventually stops
Fecundation: the process of union of male (spermatozoon) and female (egg cell) reproductive cells (usually inside the fallopian tube), during the process of sexual reproduction, to form a cell called a zygote.
Fertilisation in vitro (FIVET or IVF): mature eggs are removed from a woman's ovaries and placed with sperm in a laboratory dish in order to achieve fertilization. The resulting embryo(s) is usually transplanted into the woman's uterus.
Fetal monitoring: The use of an instrument to record or listen to a fetus' heartbeat during pregnancy and labor.
Feto-Fetal Transfusion Syndrome: see Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
Fetus: a fetus is a developing subject after the embryonic stage and before birth.
Fibroid: a benign fibrous and muscular growth of tissue in the muscular wall of the uterus (also called myoma or leiomyoma).
Flashes: hot flashes: A sensation of warmth, particularly in the face and neck, in women during or after menopause.
Follicle: a fluid-filled cyst in the ovary which contains the egg and produces female hormones.
Forceps: a instrument which may be placed around the baby's head to help guide it out of the birth canal during delivery.
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. In women it stimulates ovulation and the production of oestrogen. In men it stimulates the production of sperm.
G
Galactorrhea: Spontaneous flow of breast milk in the absence of a recent pregnancy.
GnRH analog: a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue, also known as a GnRH analogue, is a drug designed to interact with the GnRH receptor and modify the release of pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH for therapeutic purposes infertility, endometriosis, ecc.).
Gonorrhea: a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. May be asymptomatic or may in-clude symptoms such as discharge, pelvic pain, and inflammation of the genitals and subsequent tubal damage and infertility.
H
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin): human chorionic gonadotropin: hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta; detection in the urine and serum is the basis for one kind of pregnancy test
HELLP syndrome: a complication of severe preeclampsia or eclampsia. A group of symptoms that occur in pregnant women who have (H) hemolytic anemia, (EL) elevated liver enzymes, and (LP) low platelet count.
Immediate delivery of the baby may be required to preserve the life of the mother.
Herpes virus: a virus spread by close personal contact, such as kissing or sexual intercourse. There are two types of herpes. The first type is herpes simplex type 1 (or HSV-1). HSV-1 occurs most often on or near the mouth and appears as a blister or cold sore. The second type, herpes simplex type 2 (or HSV-2), occurs most often on or near the sex organs and is sometimes called "genital herpes."
Hematometra: a collection or retention of blood in the uterine cavity.
Hematuria: the presence of blood in the urine; often a symptom of urinary tract disease
Hemoperitoneum: blood in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): a retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease that destroys the body's ability to protect itself from infection and disease. It is transmitted by the exchange of bodily fluids or blood transfusions.
Hormones: Powerful substances secreted by the endocrine glands in the body that are carried through the blood stream to have effects on other parts of the body distant from where they are produced.
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus): family of viruses that can cause abnormal tissue growth (for example, genital warts) and other changes to cells. Infection with certain types of HPV may increase the risk of developing the cervical cancer.
Hydatidiform mole: an abnormality during pregnancy; chorionic villi around the fetus degenerate and form clusters of fluid-filled sacs; usually associated with the death of the fetus.
Hydramnios: condition of the pregnancy which involves having too much amniotic fluid.
Hydrosalpinx: the accumulation of serous fluid in the fallopian tube, blocked and dilated. This situation is usually consequence of a pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Hymen: The hymen is a membrane which completely or partially occludes the vaginal opening. It can be broken by sexual intercourse.
Hyperemesis gravidarum: Severe nausea, dehydration and vomiting during pregnancy.
Hypermenorrhea: abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged.
Hypertension gestational: regnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a name for what is now called gestational hypertension or hypertension of pregnancy. It is defined as the development of new arterial hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks gestation.
Hypophysis: also called pituitary gland, is an endocrine gland that sits in the small bony cavity (sella turcica) at the base of the brain. The hypophysis is the master gland of the endocrine system.
Hypothyroidism: low or inadequate production of thyroid hormone, leading to thyroid insufficiency, low metabolic rate, and weight gain.
Hirsutism: excessive growth of hair of normal or abnormal distribution. Caused chiefly by increased production of male sex hormones (androgens).
Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus. May be done through the abdomen (laparohysterectomy) or the vagina (colpohysterectomy) or by a laparoscopy.
Hysterosalpingography: x-ray examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes that uses dye and is often performed to rule out tubal obstruction.
Hysteroscopy: An examination of the inside of the inside of the uterus through a fiber optic telescope inserted though the vagina and cervical canal. An endometrial biopsy is done along with a hysteroscopic evaluation.
HRT (Hormonal Replacement Therapy): the use of estrogen combined with progestin for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and the prevention of some long-term effects of menopause.
I
ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): A micromanipulation technique that involves injecting a sperm directly into an egg in order to acilitate fertilization.This technique is used in conjunction with IVF.
Immunitary system: the immunitary system have the function in order to protect the organism from the attack of pathogenic agents (bacteria, virus).
Immunoglobulin anti-RH: Substance gived the woman of blood group Rh negative after the delivery of positive a Rh child (or after an abortion, or amniocentesi or villocentesis or a ectopic pregnancy) in order to prevent the antibody production that could in one subsequent pregnancy destroy fetal red cells.
Incontinence: absence of voluntary control of an excretory function, especially defecation or urination.
Insemination artificial: placement of a sperm sample inside the female reproductive tract can be carried out by a number of different techniques: intracervical insemination, intrauterine insemination, intratubal insemination. (
Invasive: Refers to a tumor that invades healthy tissues; also called diffuse or infiltrating.
IUD (intra uterine device): intrauterine birth control device, which prevents implantation of an embryo into the uterus should fertilization occur. The device has to be fitted inside or removed from the uterus by a doctor.
IUGR (Intra Uterine Growth Retardation): condition where the fetus stops growing appropriately, due to a placenta not functioning properly or a medical condition that has developed.
K
Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic abnormality that is caused by an extra X chromosome in a male, and is typically identified as 47, XXY. Some males with the condition have low levels of the hormone testosterone beginning during puberty, which can lead to breast development (gynecomastia) and an increased risk of breast cancer, reduced facial and body hair, and an inability to father children (infertility).
Kristeller maneuver: fundal pressure during the second stage of labor in order to accelerate the expulsion of the fetus.
L
Labia (or lips): the inner and outer "lips" of the vulva (vagina) - the external female genitalia. The outer "labia" (labia majora) usually have pubic hair and the smaller inner lips (labia minora) are mostly hidden inside.
Labor induction: Induction of labor is artificially starting labor with drugs (oxytocin or prostaglandin) that cause contractions or ripen the cervix.
Laparoscopy: a surgical procedure in which an optic instrument (a laparoscope) is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen to view the inside of the pelvis.
Laparotomy: a surgical incision made into the wall of the abdomen.
Laser: Acronym: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A medical instrument that produces a powerful beam of light and can produce intense heat when focused at close range. Lasers are often used in surgery to vaporize tissue (cervix, vagina, vulva).
Lactation: the production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands
LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure): procedure for treating cervical dysplasia in which a fine wire loop and low-energy current are used to remove abnormal tissue from the cervix.
Leiomyoma: a benign tumor of fibrous tissue that may occur in the uterine wall. Also called myoma or fibroid.
LH (Luteinizing Hormone): hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain that stimulates the growth and maturation of eggs in females and sperm in males.
Libido: The natural desire for sexual intercourse.
Luteum corpus: It develops from an ovarian follicle during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, following the release of a mature egg from the follicle during ovulation.
M
Macrosomia: Abnormally large size of the fetal body (over Kg. 4). The most common cause of macrosomia is maternal diabetes.
Mastectomy: The surgical removal of the breast. Depending on the size of the tumour, a mastectomy can be either partial, total, modified or modified radical.
Meconium: contents of the intestines in the fetal period. Usually the first rectal discharge from the newborn infant.
Menarche: The first menstrual period a girl experiences at the start of reproductive life.
Menopause: The permanent cessation of menstrual cycles.
Menstruation: Periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. Until menopause, menstruation occurs approximately every 28 days when a woman is not pregnant.
Barrier method of contraception: a birth-control technique using a condom, diaphragm, or another similar device to block the path of sperm to an egg.
Myomectomy: surgical procedure done to remove fibroids from the uterus and leaving the uterus intact.
Molar pregnancy: Molar pregnancy, sometimes simply referred as mole is a rare abnormal medical condition, a complication of pregnancy inside the category of gestational trophoblastic diseases.Molar pregnancy includes the hydatiform mole (partial and complete) and the invasive mole, also called chorioadenoma destruens.
Mons Veneris: a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women. Also known as mons pubis.
Multiple pregnancy: a pregnancy where two or more fetuses develop at one time in the uterus.
N
Non-stress test: This test can be done in the later stages of pregnancy. It is more frequently used in cases where the mother is going past her assigned due date to ensure fetal well-being. The monitor (cardiotocography) will record fetal heart rate in conjunction with any uterine activity (cardiotocography)-
NTD (Neural Tubal Defect): A birth defect caused by abnormal development of the neural tube, the structure which gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural tube defects include anencephaly and spina bifida.
O
Oxytocin: A substance formed in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary. It has stimulant effects on the smooth muscle of the uterus and mammary glands.
Osteoporosis: Loss of normal bone density, mass and strength, leading to increased porousness and vulnerability to fracture. Bone mass declines with age, particularly in women after the menopause.
Ovariectomy: Surgical removal of the ovary.
Ovary: The female sex gland with both a reproductive function (releasing oocytes) and a hormonal function (production of estrogen and progesterone). The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
Ovum (egg cell): A female sex cell. A mature egg cell released during ovulation from an ovary.
Ovulation: The release of the egg (ovum) from the ovarian follicle.
P
Papillomavirus: virus that causes genital warts and are associated with cervical cancer.
Pap-test: (also called PAP-smear)a test that collects cells from the cervix to look at microscopically to see if there are any cancerous cells or cells that might become cancerous. An important screening tool for the early detection of cervical cancer.
Pelvic exam: An exam in which the doctor feels and presses against the uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder, and rectum for unusual changes in shape and size.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection caused by bacteria, usually from a sexually transmitted disease. PID can affect the uterus, ovaries, and/or fallopian tubes. PID can cause persistent pelvic pain and, if not treated, can lead to infertility.
Perineum: the pelvic floor and associated structures occupying the pelvic outlet.
Peritoneum: a thin membrane that covers the abdominal cavity and partially covers some of the abdominal organs.
Pessary: a vaginal pessary is a small device, similar to a diaphragm or cervical cap, which is inserted into the vagina to hold the prolapsed organ(s) in place. Pessaries are made of latex or silicone and come in many different shapes and sizes.
Placenta: the organ that connects the fetus and the mother's uterus and enables the exchange of oxygen and nutrients.
Placenta praevia: the placenta is implanted in the lower part of the uterus so that the opening of the uterus (cervix) is partially or completely covered; can cause bleeding late in pregnancy; delivery by cesarean section may be necessary
Podofhyllin: substance used in medicine as a cathartic and caustic for therapy of the genital warts.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Syndrome associated with the metabolic syndrome, obesity, and hyperandrogenemia in young women. This syndrome is often characterized clinically by irregular menses, acne, excess body hair (hirsutism), or long or absent cycles (oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea).The ovaries are typically enlarged with white glossy capsules beneath which are multiple cysts in various developmental stages.
Polyps: soft growths on the mucous tissues (uterus or bladder or bowel).
Post-coital test: Test in which cervical secretions are obtained following intercourse and analyzed under a microscope to discern problems with the interactions of sperm and cervical mucus.
Preeclampsia: a condition characterized by high blood pressure during the third trimester of pregnancy. High blood pressure may be accompanied by edema (swelling), and kidney problems, as evidenced by protein in the urine.
Presentation: The relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the mother. The presentation is either longitudinal (head or breech) or transverse.
Breech presentation: where the fetus is positioned head up to be born buttocks first or with one or both feet first. This occurs in less than five percent of all births.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): range of physical and emotional symptoms that some women experience prior to their menstrual periods (low backache, abdominal pain, nervous irritability, headache, tender breasts, and abdominal bloating).
Prenatal assessment (or prenatal care): program of attendance for one pregnant woman during the pregnancy before the birth of the child.
Progesterone: A female steroid hormone secreted by the ovary after ovulation; it is produced by the placenta in large quantities during pregnancy.
Prolapse genital: the protrusion or dropping of the uterus (uterine prolapse), rectum (rectocele) or bladder (cystocele) into the vagina.
Prostaglandin: drugs used to stimulate the uterus to contract, normally given by gel or vaginal tablet. This is often the first procedure used for labor induction.
Puberty: The period of time between the beginning of the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the completion of somatic growth.
R
Radioterapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy).
Resectoscope: an instrument designed for endoscopic surgery (Hysteroscopy, Urology)..
RU486: Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid. It is used medically in humans as an abortifacient, for the chemical abortion of early pregnancy.
S
Salpingitis: inflammation of fallopian tube
Salpingectomy: Surgical removal of the fallopian tube (the Latin for which is salpinx).
Screening test: a test done on apparently healthy people to detect disease (or risk of disease) before symptoms appear .
Sexual abuse: Abuse of a sexual nature such as rape, incest, fondling, and indecent exposure. Sexual abuse can cause various physical and emotional problems including lack of self-esteem, self-destructive behavior, anxiety, and depression.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD): Diseases which are transmitted through sexual contact. Some can cause pelvic infections and lead to infertility by damaging or destroying the fallopian tubes.
Syphilis: a common venereal disease (STD) caused by the Treponema Ppallidum spirochete; symptoms change through progressive stages; can be congenital (transmitted through the placenta).
SIL (Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion): term used on the Pap-smear to classify the degree of precancerous change in cells of the cervix in a condition called cervical dysplasia.The changes in the cells are described as low grade (SIL-LG) or high grade (SIL-HG), depending on how much of the cervix is affected and how abnormal the cells appear.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Fetal alcohol syndrome, known as FAS, is a disorder characterized by growth retardation, facial abnormalities, and central nervous system dysfunction (CNS). FAS is caused by a woman's use of alcohol during pregnancy.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): A respiratory disease often seen in premature infants caused by immature lung development.
Speculum: a metal or plastic instrument used to open the vagina slightly wider so that the cervix can be seen more easily.
Spermatozoon: fhe mature, male reproductive cell (also known as a sperm cell), producted by testicles. It is carried in fluid called semen, and is capable of fertilising an egg cell to form a zygote.
Spina bifida: a neural tube defect in which the spinal column fails to fuse properly during fetal development, leaving an opening through which the spinal cord may protrude.
Sterility: Sterility is the inability to become pregnant. Sterility can be used in place of the term infertility. However, sterility is commonly used to describe a situation of more permanent infertility.
Stress test: This test records the fetal heart rate in response to induced mild contractions of the uterus.
T
Tamoxifen: a drug used to treat breast cancer, and to prevent it in women who are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. Tamoxifen blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the breast. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiestrogens.
Teratogens: agents such as drugs, chemicals and infections that can cause birth defects when a mother is exposed to them during pregnancy.
Testicles: Male reproductive organs located in the scrotum that produce sperm and the male hormone, testosterone.
Torsion: twisting or rotation of an organ upon its long axis. If not self-corrected, surgical intervention is needed to prevent the organ from dying.
Toxoplasmosis: hhis disease is caused by an organism (Toxoplasma gondii )found in raw and rare meat, garden soil and cat feces. It is typically not harmful to adults, but can cause injury to the fetus and placenta.
Trichomoniasis: infection with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms in women may include vaginal irritation, itching, discharge and painful urination.
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone): is released by the pituary gland to increase thyroid hormone production. TSH results can reveal whether thyroid function is normal, which is necessary for normal ovulation.
Tubal sterilization: The sterilization of a woman by surgically interrupting the fallopian tubes to prevent the passage of ova or sperm.Also called Tubal ligation.
Tumor: An abnormal growth of cells or tissues. Tumors may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome; also known as Feto-Fetal Transfusion Syndrome is a complication with high morbidity and mortality that can affect identical twin or higher multiple pregnancies where two or more fetuses share a common (monochorionic) placenta.
U
Ultrasound: Ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and systems within the body. A pregnancy ultrasound is a method of seeing the fetus and female pelvic organs during pregnancy.
Ureter: the ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urethra: The canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder and through which semen is discharged in men.
Urethritis: Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra,usually caused by bacterial infection . The symptoms are dysuria, which is pain (usually burning pain) on urination (micturition).
Uterus: a thick pear-shaped organ located in the abdominal cavity of women. It is lined with a layer of cells (endometrium) that respond to the varying hormonal stimulation of the menstrual cycle. The uterus holds and nourishes the developing fetus during pregnancy. At childbirth the muscles of the uterus contract and force the infant out of the mother's body.
V
Vagina: The female organ of sexual intercourse. The part of the female genitals, behind the bladder and in front of the rectum, that forms a canal extending from the uterus to the vulva. Also called the vaginal canal during birth.
Vaginismus: a sexual disorder in which there is a spastic contraction of the muscles surrounding the entrance to the vagina, in some cases so severe that intercourse is impossible.
Vanishing twin: is the term for a fetus in a multi-gestation pregnancy which dies in utero and is then partially or completely reabsorbed by the mother.
Varicocele: a varicose or dilated vein within the scrotum that can cause infertility in some men.
Vasectomy: male sterilization operation that seals the vas deferens and prevents sperm from being transmitted through ejaculation
Vacuum extractor: an instrument that attaches to the baby's head and helps guide it out of the birth canal during delivery.
Vernix: Vernix, also known as Vernix caseosa, is a white substance that covers the skin of the fetus (while inside the uterus) and helps to protect the fetus.
Voluntary termination of pregnancy: Determined abortion voluntarily from the woman and not for spontaneous and natural causes. In Italy it is restricted from a Law of the State (Legge 194/1978).
Vulva: the external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina.
Agonists of the GNRH (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone): medical therapy used in order to block the effects of feminine hormones (estrogenic and progesterone).
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome): a disease that attacks and destroys the body's immune system, leaving the patient open to infections and other diseases and causing weight loss, central nervous system problems, and death. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Alpha phetoprotein (AFP): Alphaphetoprotein (AFP) is a protein of fetal origin. This substance is present in amniotic fluid and in woman's blood. Low values of AFP can be associate to Down syndrome, while values more elevate can be associate to pathology of the neurale tube (bifid thorn, anencefalia). AFP levels are usually undetectable in the blood of healthy nonpregnant adults. An elevated level of AFP suggests the presence of germ cell tumor.
Amenorrhea: Absence or cessation of menstruation.
Amniocentesis: Aspiration of amniotic fluid, usually transabdominally, for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
Amniorexi or Amniotomy:An artificial rupture of membranes, may be performed by a midwife or obstetrician. This is usually performed using an amnihook and is intended to induce or accelerate labour.
Amnioscopy: medical tecnique used to observe the color of the amniotic fluid (examination today less used that in past).
Amniotic sac: Membranes which contain the fetus and the amniotic fluid. The amniotic sac and the amniotic fluid are often refereed to as the "bag of waters."
Analgesia: Medical tecnique used to relieve pain.
Androgen: steroid hormone, that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics
Anemia: Anemia is a lower than normal number of red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the blood, usually measured by a decrease in the amount of hemoglobin.
Anencephaly: Anencephaly is the absence of a large part of the brain and the skull of the fetus.
Anorexia nervosa: is an eating disorder characterized by refusal to stay at even the minimum body weight considered normal for the person's age and height.
Anovulation: Absence of ovulatiuon (anovulatory cycle).
Apgar score: A simple way of assessing a the baby's health by scoring points for heart rate, breathing, skin colour, tone, and the baby's reactions. It is done 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.
Areola: skin dark colouring that encircles the nipple.
Atrophic vaginitis: Atrophic vaginitis (also known as vaginal atrophy) is an inflammation of the vagina due to thinning and shrinking tissues and decreased lubrication of the vaginal walls. It is caused by a lack of estrogen. The most common cause is the decrease in estrogen after the menopause. Symptoms include vaginal soreness and itching, as well as painful intercourse, and bleeding after sexual intercourse.
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Bacterial Vaginosis: bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common cause of vaginal infection (vaginitis). The commonest symptom of BV is an abnormal vaginal discharge with an unpleasant fishy smell. However, half of all women with BV don't notice any symptoms.
Bartholin's abscess: inflammation of the gland of Bartolini, which are located on each side of the vaginal opening at the innermost part of the labia. This swelling is hot to the touch, sensitive, and painful.
Bartholin's glands: The Bartholin's glands (also called Bartholin glands or greater vestibular glands) are two glands located slightly below and to the left and right of the opening of the vagina in women. They secrete mucus to provide lubrication, especially when the woman is sexually aroused, thus facilitating sexual intercourse.
BCF: Battito Cardiaco Fetale (used in Italian language). Equivalent to FHR (Fetal Heart Rate).
Billings: The Billings ovulation method is a form of natural family planning. Users track fertility by paying attention to the sensation at the vulva and the appearance of any vaginal discharge.This information can be used to achieve or avoid a pregnancy by choosing when to have intercourse and when to abstain.
Biophysical profile: A series of tests which, in combination, offer an assessment of fetal/placental wellbeing. This test is based on the nonstress test (cardiotocography) and ultrasound to examine fetal movements, heart rate, and amniotic fluid amounts.
Biopsy: procedure in which a tissue sample is obtained for microscopic examination to obtaine a hystologycal diagnosis.
Biopsy endometrial: procedure in which a tissue sample is obtained from the endometrium (the inside lining of the uterus), and is then checked under a microscope. The tissue is thoroughly examined for any cell abnormalities or signs of cancer.
Bladder: A hollow muscular balloon-shaped organ that stores urine until it is excreted from the body.
Block Paracervical : transvaginal injection of anaesthetic just lateral to uterine cervix. This tecnique blocks the sensory nerves from uterus, cervix and upper vagina.
Block Spinal: injection of local anesthetic into the subarachnoid space trough a needle placed at the leve L2-L5. This tecnique is usually used for a cesarean section..
Bulimia: Bulimia is an illness defined by food binges, or recurrent episodes of significant overeating, that are accompanied by a sense of loss of control. The affected person then uses various methods -- such as vomiting or laxative abuse -- to prevent weight gain
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C
CA 125: CA-125 is a protein that is more prevalent in ovarian cancer and in others pathologies (endometriosis). This protein enters the blood stream and can be measured by a blood test.
Candidiasis: an infection caused by fungi of the genus Monilia or Candida (especially Candida albicans) that usually occurs in the skin and mucous membranes of the mouth, respiratory tract, or vagina.
Cardiotocography: is a technical means of recording (-graphy) the fetal heartbeat (cardio-) and the uterine contractions (-toco-) during childbirth. CTG can be used to identify signs of fetal distress.
Caryotype: the whole of the chromosomal characteristics of an individual or a species.
Catetere: a flexible tube for withdrawing fluids from (or introducing fluids into) a cavity of the body, especially one for inserting into the bladder through the urethra to remove urine.
Celioscopy: see Laparoscopy.
Cephalopelvic disproportion: a condition in which the head of the fetus is too large to permit passage through the pelvis of the mother.
Cerclage: placement of a non-absorbable suture around an incompetent (weak) cervical opening in an attempt to keep it closed and thus prevent miscarriage. Also known as a cervical stitch.
Cervical incompetence: a condition where a woman's cervix, or opening between the uterus and vaginal tract, is not strong enough to remain closed during pregnancy. During a critical time period of growth, most often from about 16 to 22 weeks, the cervix may open and labor will begin prematurely. A cervical stitch can be used to help hold the cervix closed.
Cervix: the lower end of the uterus that protrudes into the vagina.
Cervicitis: an irritation of the cervix by a number of different organisms. Cervicitis is generally classified as either acute or chronic.
Cesarean section: An incision through the abdominal and uterine walls for extraction of the fetus. Also called abdominal delivery; commonly called C-Section.
Chorioamnionitis: a serious infection of the placental tissues.
Choriocarcinoma: A rare cancer in women of childbearing age in which cancer cells grow in the tissues that are formed in the uterus after conception. Also called gestational trophoblastic disease, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia, gestational trophoblastic tumor, or molar pregnancy.
CIN (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia): term used to classify the degree of precancerous change in cells of the cervix in a condition called cervical dysplasia. These changes are not cancer but warn that cancer may develop over future years. CIN is graded CIN 1, 2 or 3; CIN 3 means the most severe changes.
Cyst functional ovarian: A physiologic cyst arising from the graafian follicle or the corpus luteum of the ovary. Functional ovarian cysts usually go away without treatment.
Cystocele: Protrusion of urinary bladder to create a downward bulging of the anterior vaginal wall, caused by a weakness of the pubocervical fascia.
Climateric: The syndrome of endocrine, somatic, and psychic changes occurring at the termination of the reproductive period in woman, equivalent to perimenopause.
Clitoris: Organ localized in proximity of the opening of the vagina, source of sexual escitation in the woman.
Chloasma: A patchy brown or dark brown skin discoloration that usually occurs on a woman's faces and may result from hormonal changes, as in pregnancy.
Colostrum: thin, white, first milk produced by the breasts during late pregnancy and for a few days after childbirth. It provides a nursing infant with essential nutrients and infection-fighting antibodies.
Condom: A flexible sheath (usually made of thin latex or polyurethane) designed to cover the penis during sexual intercourse for contraceptive purposes or as a means of preventing sexually transmitted infections.
Colposcopy: an examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope, primarily to identify areas of cervical dysplasia in women with abnormal Pap smears.
Colposcope: an instrument that uses a special magnifying lens to examine the tissues of the vagina and cervix. The examination is called a colposcopy.
Condiloma: italian and spanish word used for define the genital wart caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV).
Conization: surgery to remove a cone-shaped piece of tissue from the uterine cervixl. Conization may be used to diagnose or treat a cervical condition. Also called cone biopsy.
Contraception: birth control by the use of devices (diaphragm or intrauterine device or condom) or drugs (hormons, pills) or surgery (tubal ligation).
Contraceptiv implant: contraceptive implants consist of hormone-filled capsules that are inserted under the skin in a woman's upper arm. The implant steadily releases a small amount of hormone. This prevents pregnancy for three years. The implant must be removed at the end of three years.
Contractions Braxton-Hicks: Braxton Hicks' contractions, also known as false labour (British English, false labor in American English) or practice contractions, occur during the second or third trimester of pregnancy. It is a tightening of the uterine muscles for up to one minute and is thought to be an aid to the body in its preparation for birth.
Cord umbilical: the cord that carries blood, oxygen and nutrients to the baby from the placenta during pregnancy.
Cordocentesis: transabdominal blood sampling of the fetal umbilical cord, performed under ultrasound guidance. Used to test for certain abnormalities.
Criosurgery: a surgical procedure that uses extreme cold to destroy abnormal tissue by freezing. A general anesthetic is not required.
Cromosomes: the thread-like bodies found in all living cells which carry the genetic information. Normal human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Curettage: scraping of the interior of a cavity or other surface with a curette.
CVS (chorionic villus sampling): diagnostic test usually performed between the 10th and 12th weeks of pregnancy in which a small sample of tissue is taken from the placenta and examined to detect genetic abnormalities in a fetus.
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Decidua: the lining of the uterus during pregnancy. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, becomes thicker and contains more blood vessels during pregnancy. The decidua is shed in the days after birth.
Diaphragm: the diaphragm is a cervical barrier type of birth control. It is a soft latex or silicone dome with a spring molded into the rim. The spring creates a seal against the walls of the vagina.
Down syndrome: also known as Trisomy 21, Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder. This syndrome is caused by the presence of an extra 21 chromosome and is highly variable clinically. This syndrome is characterized by hypotonia, flat facial profile, upwardly slanted eyes, small low-set ears, short stature, mental retardation, small nose with a low nasal bridge.
DTC (Diatermocoagulation or Electrocoagulation): use of diathermy to destroy, coagulate or divide certain organic tissues.
Dysmenorrhea: pain during menstruation that occurs in the lower abdomen just before or during menstruation; menstrual cramps.
Dyspareunia: pain in the vagina or pelvis experienced during sexual intercourse.
Dysplasia: condition in which cells in the cervix have undergone precancerous changes. It is detected by a Pap smear; treatment can prevent it from progressing to cervical cancer. The cervical dysplasia is also called CIN (Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia)
Dystocia: abnormal or difficult labor, causing difficulty in delivering the fetus a/o placenta. Pregnancies which result in some form of dystocia often lead to assisted deliveries including forceps, ventouse or, commonly, caesarian section.
Dysuria: painful or difficult urination, most frequently caused by infection or inflammation
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Eclampsia: Eclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy and is characterised by convulsions.Eclampsia results from pregnancy-induced hypertension, a dangerous condition that may occur during pregnancy. The woman usually has hypertension (high blood pressure), edema (swelling), or proteinuria (abnormal amounts of protein in the urine).
Ectopia: Congenital displacement or malposition of any organ or body part or tissue. On the uterine cervix ectopia is the presence of the columnar epithelium of the endocervix on to the ectocervix.
Ectopic pregnancy: A pregnancy growing outside of the uterus usually in the fallopian tubes (also called tubal pregnancy).
Ectropion: The growth of the columnar epithelium of the endocervix on to the ectocervix, usually after the vaginal delivery.
Edema: accumulation of fluid in organs and tissues of the body; swelling.
Electrosurgery: a surgical procedure that uses high frequency energy to cauterize, ablate or remove soft tissue. See also DTC.
Embryo: the earliest stage of early human development arising after the union of the sperm and the egg (fertilization). In humans, the embryo stage is the first three months following conception.
Endocervix: the inner part of the uterine cervix, on the cervical channel.
Endometrial hyperplasia: Hyperplasia is a condition in which the lining of the uterus becomes too thick, which results in abnormal bleeding. Hyperplasia is thought to be caused by too much estrogen.
Endometrium: the lining of the uterus that is shed each month as the menstrual period.
Endometriosis: the presence of endometrial tissue (tissue that normally lines the uterus) in abnormal locations such as the ovaries, fallopian tubes and abdominal cavity.
Enterocele: condition caused by weakened muscles in the pelvis in which a portion of the intestines bulges into the top of the vagina.
Episiotomy: an incision made during childbirth to the perineum, the muscle between the vagina and rectum, to widen the vaginal opening for delivery.
Esocervix: the part of the uterine cervix visible within the vagina.
Estrogen: the female sex hormone produced by the ovaries, responsible for the development of female sex characteristics.
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F
Fallopian tubes: a pair of tubes attached to the uterus, one on each side, where sperm and egg meet in normal conception.
False labor: regular or irregular contractions of the uterus with no changes in the cervix.What distinguishes false labor from real labor is simply that after a point, false labor does nor progress and it eventually stops
Fecundation: the process of union of male (spermatozoon) and female (egg cell) reproductive cells (usually inside the fallopian tube), during the process of sexual reproduction, to form a cell called a zygote.
Fertilisation in vitro (FIVET or IVF): mature eggs are removed from a woman's ovaries and placed with sperm in a laboratory dish in order to achieve fertilization. The resulting embryo(s) is usually transplanted into the woman's uterus.
Fetal monitoring: The use of an instrument to record or listen to a fetus' heartbeat during pregnancy and labor.
Feto-Fetal Transfusion Syndrome: see Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
Fetus: a fetus is a developing subject after the embryonic stage and before birth.
Fibroid: a benign fibrous and muscular growth of tissue in the muscular wall of the uterus (also called myoma or leiomyoma).
Flashes: hot flashes: A sensation of warmth, particularly in the face and neck, in women during or after menopause.
Follicle: a fluid-filled cyst in the ovary which contains the egg and produces female hormones.
Forceps: a instrument which may be placed around the baby's head to help guide it out of the birth canal during delivery.
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone): a hormone produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. In women it stimulates ovulation and the production of oestrogen. In men it stimulates the production of sperm.
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Galactorrhea: Spontaneous flow of breast milk in the absence of a recent pregnancy.
GnRH analog: a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue, also known as a GnRH analogue, is a drug designed to interact with the GnRH receptor and modify the release of pituitary gonadotropins FSH and LH for therapeutic purposes infertility, endometriosis, ecc.).
Gonorrhea: a sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. May be asymptomatic or may in-clude symptoms such as discharge, pelvic pain, and inflammation of the genitals and subsequent tubal damage and infertility.
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H
HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin): human chorionic gonadotropin: hormone produced early in pregnancy by the placenta; detection in the urine and serum is the basis for one kind of pregnancy test
HELLP syndrome: a complication of severe preeclampsia or eclampsia. A group of symptoms that occur in pregnant women who have (H) hemolytic anemia, (EL) elevated liver enzymes, and (LP) low platelet count.
Immediate delivery of the baby may be required to preserve the life of the mother.
Herpes virus: a virus spread by close personal contact, such as kissing or sexual intercourse. There are two types of herpes. The first type is herpes simplex type 1 (or HSV-1). HSV-1 occurs most often on or near the mouth and appears as a blister or cold sore. The second type, herpes simplex type 2 (or HSV-2), occurs most often on or near the sex organs and is sometimes called "genital herpes."
Hematometra: a collection or retention of blood in the uterine cavity.
Hematuria: the presence of blood in the urine; often a symptom of urinary tract disease
Hemoperitoneum: blood in the peritoneal (abdominal) cavity.
HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus): a retrovirus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease that destroys the body's ability to protect itself from infection and disease. It is transmitted by the exchange of bodily fluids or blood transfusions.
Hormones: Powerful substances secreted by the endocrine glands in the body that are carried through the blood stream to have effects on other parts of the body distant from where they are produced.
HPV (Human Papilloma Virus): family of viruses that can cause abnormal tissue growth (for example, genital warts) and other changes to cells. Infection with certain types of HPV may increase the risk of developing the cervical cancer.
Hydatidiform mole: an abnormality during pregnancy; chorionic villi around the fetus degenerate and form clusters of fluid-filled sacs; usually associated with the death of the fetus.
Hydramnios: condition of the pregnancy which involves having too much amniotic fluid.
Hydrosalpinx: the accumulation of serous fluid in the fallopian tube, blocked and dilated. This situation is usually consequence of a pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Hymen: The hymen is a membrane which completely or partially occludes the vaginal opening. It can be broken by sexual intercourse.
Hyperemesis gravidarum: Severe nausea, dehydration and vomiting during pregnancy.
Hypermenorrhea: abnormally heavy or prolonged menstruation; can be a symptom of uterine tumors and can lead to anemia if prolonged.
Hypertension gestational: regnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) is a name for what is now called gestational hypertension or hypertension of pregnancy. It is defined as the development of new arterial hypertension in a pregnant woman after 20 weeks gestation.
Hypophysis: also called pituitary gland, is an endocrine gland that sits in the small bony cavity (sella turcica) at the base of the brain. The hypophysis is the master gland of the endocrine system.
Hypothyroidism: low or inadequate production of thyroid hormone, leading to thyroid insufficiency, low metabolic rate, and weight gain.
Hirsutism: excessive growth of hair of normal or abnormal distribution. Caused chiefly by increased production of male sex hormones (androgens).
Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus. May be done through the abdomen (laparohysterectomy) or the vagina (colpohysterectomy) or by a laparoscopy.
Hysterosalpingography: x-ray examination of the uterus and fallopian tubes that uses dye and is often performed to rule out tubal obstruction.
Hysteroscopy: An examination of the inside of the inside of the uterus through a fiber optic telescope inserted though the vagina and cervical canal. An endometrial biopsy is done along with a hysteroscopic evaluation.
HRT (Hormonal Replacement Therapy): the use of estrogen combined with progestin for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and the prevention of some long-term effects of menopause.
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ICSI (Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection): A micromanipulation technique that involves injecting a sperm directly into an egg in order to acilitate fertilization.This technique is used in conjunction with IVF.
Immunitary system: the immunitary system have the function in order to protect the organism from the attack of pathogenic agents (bacteria, virus).
Immunoglobulin anti-RH: Substance gived the woman of blood group Rh negative after the delivery of positive a Rh child (or after an abortion, or amniocentesi or villocentesis or a ectopic pregnancy) in order to prevent the antibody production that could in one subsequent pregnancy destroy fetal red cells.
Incontinence: absence of voluntary control of an excretory function, especially defecation or urination.
Insemination artificial: placement of a sperm sample inside the female reproductive tract can be carried out by a number of different techniques: intracervical insemination, intrauterine insemination, intratubal insemination. (
Invasive: Refers to a tumor that invades healthy tissues; also called diffuse or infiltrating.
IUD (intra uterine device): intrauterine birth control device, which prevents implantation of an embryo into the uterus should fertilization occur. The device has to be fitted inside or removed from the uterus by a doctor.
IUGR (Intra Uterine Growth Retardation): condition where the fetus stops growing appropriately, due to a placenta not functioning properly or a medical condition that has developed.
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Klinefelter syndrome: A genetic abnormality that is caused by an extra X chromosome in a male, and is typically identified as 47, XXY. Some males with the condition have low levels of the hormone testosterone beginning during puberty, which can lead to breast development (gynecomastia) and an increased risk of breast cancer, reduced facial and body hair, and an inability to father children (infertility).
Kristeller maneuver: fundal pressure during the second stage of labor in order to accelerate the expulsion of the fetus.
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Labia (or lips): the inner and outer "lips" of the vulva (vagina) - the external female genitalia. The outer "labia" (labia majora) usually have pubic hair and the smaller inner lips (labia minora) are mostly hidden inside.
Labor induction: Induction of labor is artificially starting labor with drugs (oxytocin or prostaglandin) that cause contractions or ripen the cervix.
Laparoscopy: a surgical procedure in which an optic instrument (a laparoscope) is inserted through a small incision in the abdomen to view the inside of the pelvis.
Laparotomy: a surgical incision made into the wall of the abdomen.
Laser: Acronym: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. A medical instrument that produces a powerful beam of light and can produce intense heat when focused at close range. Lasers are often used in surgery to vaporize tissue (cervix, vagina, vulva).
Lactation: the production and secretion of milk by the mammary glands
LEEP (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure): procedure for treating cervical dysplasia in which a fine wire loop and low-energy current are used to remove abnormal tissue from the cervix.
Leiomyoma: a benign tumor of fibrous tissue that may occur in the uterine wall. Also called myoma or fibroid.
LH (Luteinizing Hormone): hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in the brain that stimulates the growth and maturation of eggs in females and sperm in males.
Libido: The natural desire for sexual intercourse.
Luteum corpus: It develops from an ovarian follicle during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, following the release of a mature egg from the follicle during ovulation.
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M
Macrosomia: Abnormally large size of the fetal body (over Kg. 4). The most common cause of macrosomia is maternal diabetes.
Mastectomy: The surgical removal of the breast. Depending on the size of the tumour, a mastectomy can be either partial, total, modified or modified radical.
Meconium: contents of the intestines in the fetal period. Usually the first rectal discharge from the newborn infant.
Menarche: The first menstrual period a girl experiences at the start of reproductive life.
Menopause: The permanent cessation of menstrual cycles.
Menstruation: Periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. Until menopause, menstruation occurs approximately every 28 days when a woman is not pregnant.
Barrier method of contraception: a birth-control technique using a condom, diaphragm, or another similar device to block the path of sperm to an egg.
Myomectomy: surgical procedure done to remove fibroids from the uterus and leaving the uterus intact.
Molar pregnancy: Molar pregnancy, sometimes simply referred as mole is a rare abnormal medical condition, a complication of pregnancy inside the category of gestational trophoblastic diseases.Molar pregnancy includes the hydatiform mole (partial and complete) and the invasive mole, also called chorioadenoma destruens.
Mons Veneris: a mound of fatty tissue covering the pubic area in women. Also known as mons pubis.
Multiple pregnancy: a pregnancy where two or more fetuses develop at one time in the uterus.
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N
Non-stress test: This test can be done in the later stages of pregnancy. It is more frequently used in cases where the mother is going past her assigned due date to ensure fetal well-being. The monitor (cardiotocography) will record fetal heart rate in conjunction with any uterine activity (cardiotocography)-
NTD (Neural Tubal Defect): A birth defect caused by abnormal development of the neural tube, the structure which gives rise to the central nervous system. Neural tube defects include anencephaly and spina bifida.
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O
Oxytocin: A substance formed in the hypothalamus and stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary. It has stimulant effects on the smooth muscle of the uterus and mammary glands.
Osteoporosis: Loss of normal bone density, mass and strength, leading to increased porousness and vulnerability to fracture. Bone mass declines with age, particularly in women after the menopause.
Ovariectomy: Surgical removal of the ovary.
Ovary: The female sex gland with both a reproductive function (releasing oocytes) and a hormonal function (production of estrogen and progesterone). The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
Ovum (egg cell): A female sex cell. A mature egg cell released during ovulation from an ovary.
Ovulation: The release of the egg (ovum) from the ovarian follicle.
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P
Papillomavirus: virus that causes genital warts and are associated with cervical cancer.
Pap-test: (also called PAP-smear)a test that collects cells from the cervix to look at microscopically to see if there are any cancerous cells or cells that might become cancerous. An important screening tool for the early detection of cervical cancer.
Pelvic exam: An exam in which the doctor feels and presses against the uterus, vagina, ovaries, fallopian tubes, bladder, and rectum for unusual changes in shape and size.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): An infection caused by bacteria, usually from a sexually transmitted disease. PID can affect the uterus, ovaries, and/or fallopian tubes. PID can cause persistent pelvic pain and, if not treated, can lead to infertility.
Perineum: the pelvic floor and associated structures occupying the pelvic outlet.
Peritoneum: a thin membrane that covers the abdominal cavity and partially covers some of the abdominal organs.
Pessary: a vaginal pessary is a small device, similar to a diaphragm or cervical cap, which is inserted into the vagina to hold the prolapsed organ(s) in place. Pessaries are made of latex or silicone and come in many different shapes and sizes.
Placenta: the organ that connects the fetus and the mother's uterus and enables the exchange of oxygen and nutrients.
Placenta praevia: the placenta is implanted in the lower part of the uterus so that the opening of the uterus (cervix) is partially or completely covered; can cause bleeding late in pregnancy; delivery by cesarean section may be necessary
Podofhyllin: substance used in medicine as a cathartic and caustic for therapy of the genital warts.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): Syndrome associated with the metabolic syndrome, obesity, and hyperandrogenemia in young women. This syndrome is often characterized clinically by irregular menses, acne, excess body hair (hirsutism), or long or absent cycles (oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea).The ovaries are typically enlarged with white glossy capsules beneath which are multiple cysts in various developmental stages.
Polyps: soft growths on the mucous tissues (uterus or bladder or bowel).
Post-coital test: Test in which cervical secretions are obtained following intercourse and analyzed under a microscope to discern problems with the interactions of sperm and cervical mucus.
Preeclampsia: a condition characterized by high blood pressure during the third trimester of pregnancy. High blood pressure may be accompanied by edema (swelling), and kidney problems, as evidenced by protein in the urine.
Presentation: The relationship of the long axis of the fetus to the long axis of the mother. The presentation is either longitudinal (head or breech) or transverse.
Breech presentation: where the fetus is positioned head up to be born buttocks first or with one or both feet first. This occurs in less than five percent of all births.
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS): range of physical and emotional symptoms that some women experience prior to their menstrual periods (low backache, abdominal pain, nervous irritability, headache, tender breasts, and abdominal bloating).
Prenatal assessment (or prenatal care): program of attendance for one pregnant woman during the pregnancy before the birth of the child.
Progesterone: A female steroid hormone secreted by the ovary after ovulation; it is produced by the placenta in large quantities during pregnancy.
Prolapse genital: the protrusion or dropping of the uterus (uterine prolapse), rectum (rectocele) or bladder (cystocele) into the vagina.
Prostaglandin: drugs used to stimulate the uterus to contract, normally given by gel or vaginal tablet. This is often the first procedure used for labor induction.
Puberty: The period of time between the beginning of the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the completion of somatic growth.
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Radioterapy: The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays, gamma rays, neutrons, and other sources to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. Radiation may come from a machine outside the body (external-beam radiation therapy), or it may come from radioactive material placed in the body near cancer cells (internal radiation therapy, implant radiation, or brachytherapy).
Resectoscope: an instrument designed for endoscopic surgery (Hysteroscopy, Urology)..
RU486: Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid. It is used medically in humans as an abortifacient, for the chemical abortion of early pregnancy.
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Salpingitis: inflammation of fallopian tube
Salpingectomy: Surgical removal of the fallopian tube (the Latin for which is salpinx).
Screening test: a test done on apparently healthy people to detect disease (or risk of disease) before symptoms appear .
Sexual abuse: Abuse of a sexual nature such as rape, incest, fondling, and indecent exposure. Sexual abuse can cause various physical and emotional problems including lack of self-esteem, self-destructive behavior, anxiety, and depression.
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD): Diseases which are transmitted through sexual contact. Some can cause pelvic infections and lead to infertility by damaging or destroying the fallopian tubes.
Syphilis: a common venereal disease (STD) caused by the Treponema Ppallidum spirochete; symptoms change through progressive stages; can be congenital (transmitted through the placenta).
SIL (Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion): term used on the Pap-smear to classify the degree of precancerous change in cells of the cervix in a condition called cervical dysplasia.The changes in the cells are described as low grade (SIL-LG) or high grade (SIL-HG), depending on how much of the cervix is affected and how abnormal the cells appear.
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Fetal alcohol syndrome, known as FAS, is a disorder characterized by growth retardation, facial abnormalities, and central nervous system dysfunction (CNS). FAS is caused by a woman's use of alcohol during pregnancy.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): A respiratory disease often seen in premature infants caused by immature lung development.
Speculum: a metal or plastic instrument used to open the vagina slightly wider so that the cervix can be seen more easily.
Spermatozoon: fhe mature, male reproductive cell (also known as a sperm cell), producted by testicles. It is carried in fluid called semen, and is capable of fertilising an egg cell to form a zygote.
Spina bifida: a neural tube defect in which the spinal column fails to fuse properly during fetal development, leaving an opening through which the spinal cord may protrude.
Sterility: Sterility is the inability to become pregnant. Sterility can be used in place of the term infertility. However, sterility is commonly used to describe a situation of more permanent infertility.
Stress test: This test records the fetal heart rate in response to induced mild contractions of the uterus.
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Tamoxifen: a drug used to treat breast cancer, and to prevent it in women who are at a high risk of developing breast cancer. Tamoxifen blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the breast. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiestrogens.
Teratogens: agents such as drugs, chemicals and infections that can cause birth defects when a mother is exposed to them during pregnancy.
Testicles: Male reproductive organs located in the scrotum that produce sperm and the male hormone, testosterone.
Torsion: twisting or rotation of an organ upon its long axis. If not self-corrected, surgical intervention is needed to prevent the organ from dying.
Toxoplasmosis: hhis disease is caused by an organism (Toxoplasma gondii )found in raw and rare meat, garden soil and cat feces. It is typically not harmful to adults, but can cause injury to the fetus and placenta.
Trichomoniasis: infection with the sexually transmitted parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. Symptoms in women may include vaginal irritation, itching, discharge and painful urination.
TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone): is released by the pituary gland to increase thyroid hormone production. TSH results can reveal whether thyroid function is normal, which is necessary for normal ovulation.
Tubal sterilization: The sterilization of a woman by surgically interrupting the fallopian tubes to prevent the passage of ova or sperm.Also called Tubal ligation.
Tumor: An abnormal growth of cells or tissues. Tumors may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome; also known as Feto-Fetal Transfusion Syndrome is a complication with high morbidity and mortality that can affect identical twin or higher multiple pregnancies where two or more fetuses share a common (monochorionic) placenta.
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Ultrasound: Ultrasound involves the use of high-frequency sound waves to create images of organs and systems within the body. A pregnancy ultrasound is a method of seeing the fetus and female pelvic organs during pregnancy.
Ureter: the ducts that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Urethra: The canal through which urine is discharged from the bladder and through which semen is discharged in men.
Urethritis: Urethritis is an inflammation of the urethra,usually caused by bacterial infection . The symptoms are dysuria, which is pain (usually burning pain) on urination (micturition).
Uterus: a thick pear-shaped organ located in the abdominal cavity of women. It is lined with a layer of cells (endometrium) that respond to the varying hormonal stimulation of the menstrual cycle. The uterus holds and nourishes the developing fetus during pregnancy. At childbirth the muscles of the uterus contract and force the infant out of the mother's body.
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Vagina: The female organ of sexual intercourse. The part of the female genitals, behind the bladder and in front of the rectum, that forms a canal extending from the uterus to the vulva. Also called the vaginal canal during birth.
Vaginismus: a sexual disorder in which there is a spastic contraction of the muscles surrounding the entrance to the vagina, in some cases so severe that intercourse is impossible.
Vanishing twin: is the term for a fetus in a multi-gestation pregnancy which dies in utero and is then partially or completely reabsorbed by the mother.
Varicocele: a varicose or dilated vein within the scrotum that can cause infertility in some men.
Vasectomy: male sterilization operation that seals the vas deferens and prevents sperm from being transmitted through ejaculation
Vacuum extractor: an instrument that attaches to the baby's head and helps guide it out of the birth canal during delivery.
Vernix: Vernix, also known as Vernix caseosa, is a white substance that covers the skin of the fetus (while inside the uterus) and helps to protect the fetus.
Voluntary termination of pregnancy: Determined abortion voluntarily from the woman and not for spontaneous and natural causes. In Italy it is restricted from a Law of the State (Legge 194/1978).
Vulva: the external female genital organs, including the clitoris, vaginal lips, and the opening to the vagina.
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