The information published on this WEBsite one have only a informative character, 

and they cannot replace the medical visit.

The feminine organism, from the puberty until the menopause, is edited, necessary to assure the fertility. For this, the genital apparatus repeat some changing every month.

They have differents ways to present: hormonal, workings, and structural. 

With the hypofisy control, every month the ovaries produce hormones (oestrogens and progesterone) and the ovum (also known as an oocyte), which represents the feminine apparatus.      When this ovum is mature, the ovulation starts.. This consists in the release of the ovum from the ovary til the breaking down of the follicle (a tiny cavity in the ovary’ s structure). Now the ovum starts her way through the tube, and if she meets a speramtozoon, can be fertilized and after some days she can implant herself in the cavity, and the pregnancy starts. Instead, if the fertilization doesn’ t happen, the ovocity is expelled and after 10/14 days starts the menstruation.  The menstruation happens at the end of every cycle. This mean that by using the menstruation we can know about the regular hormonal activity.

Menarche (first mestruation)

Menopause (definitive cessation of the menstruations)

Regular menstrual cycle

When we talk about a regular menstrual cycle we mean that period between the 1^st day of a menstruation and the 1^st of the successive one. The duration of the menstrual cycle can be variable. It’ s usually considered normal a period from the 25 days to the 31 days. Someone even think about a period between the 21 days and the

The cycles might be subdivided in this way:

-first phase, for example follicular, second phase, like postovulatory phase.

The ovulation separates the two phases. The woman can recognize the arriving menstruation by having a usually strong pain to the bottom belly (of short duration and to spontaneous resolution) due to taking place itself of the ovulation, increase of the temperature bases  (if measured and recorded on appropriate card) due to the endured action of the progesterone after the ovulation. Such signs, profits in recognizing the fecund period, are also to the base of use it of the so-called the natural methods of contraception.     In case of irregular cycles or long cycles, while the duration of the first phase (preovulatoria) is variable, the duration of the second phase (postovulatoria or luteinica) usually has one average life of 12-16 days. When hard the postovulatoria or luteinica phase less than 10-11 days, we talk about  short luteinica phase.        

Alterations of the menstrual cycle

But the cycle isn’ t always regular. Sometimes the cycle is irregular, and it isn’ t always because of a pathology, but often because of alterations of hormonal equilibrium. Sometimes the pathologies are like a fibromatosis of the uterus (in case of a particular abundant menstration).

Now we need to learn a bit of gynecological terminology.          

Amenorrhoea: the complete absence of the cycle for at least 3 months. It’ s physiological during the infancy, pregnancy and breast feeding and during the menopause. This pathology is called primary when te 1^st mestruation isn’ t still appeared before the 17 years. The secondary ones verificates when, after having more or less regular cycles, the woman doesn’ t have the menstruations for a period of at least two months. It happens because of many pathologies: hormonal, psycogenis, genital pathologies, or excessive loss of weight, like anorexia. –

Polimenorrhea: it’ s when the cycles are too close, with a distance of less than 25 days. The cycles are short, with only a few of blood. This pathology can be dangerous when cycles are abundant, and it can cause anemia.    

Oligomenorrhoea: cycles are tooo distance vbetween each others.      

Ipomenorrhea:  it’ s when cycles are too flows, insufficients. The norm is about 35 ml, and this pathology happens when cycles are inferior than 20 ml.    

Ipermenorrea: used term in order to indicate abundant menstrual flows, of 80 advanced amount to mililiter.    

Menorrhagia: loss of excessive abundant menstrual blood, to emorragico character, for one longer duration regarding the regular menstruation.    

Metrorrhagia: loss of blood of variable entity that verificates when the cycle shouldn’ t happen (pregnancy, before the puberty, menopause...)    

Menometrorragia: loss of blood started with the mnstruation but that keep being even after the end of the normal loss of blood. It’ s usually abundant.

Dysmenorrhoea: particularly painful menstruation.   

Primary or essential dysmenorrhoea: eventual pathologies are not recognizable to which attributing of the cause.   

Secondary dysmenorrhoea: painful menstruations that appear subsequently, that is in women who previously did not have painful menstruations. Often they are present inflammatory situations or the endometriosis.     

Often some of these irregular  cycles can be associated from each other. As an example it is possible to have abundant menstrual flows and draws near to you; in such case it is spoken about iper-polimenorrea. Such situation, any is the cause, is however not to underrate, in how much excessive loss of blood with consequent anemia involves in the time one.         

In presence of alterations of the menstrual cycle or particularly painful menstruations it is well to execute of the gynecological assessments useful to search the possible causes as an example (hormonal problems, endometriosis, fibromato, etc) or to correct the effects as an example (pain, anemia, infertility, etc) of the irregular  menstruation.    

From the diagnostic point of view they are important:     

Anamnesis: characteristics of the cycles, pain, pregnancies, other pathologies, etc general 

Visit: corporeo weight, secondary sexual characters, arterial pressure, etc

Examinations of laboratory: hormonal (ipofisaria, ovarian, tiroidea functionality, etc) and generate them (emocromo, coagulation, renal hepatic functionality and, etc) gynecological Visit: morphology of the organs of the genital apparatus them, search of possible pathologies cause of anomalous bleeding (example: fibromato uterina, polipo cervical, pathologies of the neck of the uterus, etc) 

Echography: for appraisal of the morphology of the genital apparatus them and in particular of the aspect of the endometrium (very valued with transvaginale echography) 

Hysteroscopy: in the cases in which it is thought necessary, the ysteroscopy turns out precious in the appraisal of the cavity uterina and the endometrium, being able for this last one to supply the possibility to execute a biopticexamen.